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June FOMC Preview: Reaction Function in Focus

June 14, 2019
 
iCIMS Staff
6 min read
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The June Fed meeting is set up to be one of the more suspenseful in recent memory, with policy makers coming under pressure to shift not only their expectations for interest rates but also the way they communicate them. Between headlines on trade conflicts and softer economic data, downside risks to the economy have grown more prominent since their last meeting. And yet, the economic news has been moving so quickly that the narrative could easily reverse course in the space of a few weeks. Already, the threat of disruptive new tariffs on Mexico has faded, although it leaves the market with a new appreciation for the unpredictability of trade negotiations. While some economic indicators have been disappointing, the truth is that the data releases have been a mixed bag; there have already been upward revisions and clear trends have yet to be established.

 

Such a dynamic and uncertain environment calls for a central bank to respond nimbly. Yet for years, the Fed’s policy has been focused on engineering predictability. Since the Great Recession, the Bernanke and Yellen Feds emphasized “commitment strategies” and other ways to promise no sudden moves away from ultra-accommodative policy. The dot plot was a crucial element of that toolkit, by spelling out expectations, first for rates to remain low, and then for them to rise only gradually. All that was appropriate at the time, given the sluggish recovery, as well as a central bank constrained by the zero-lower-bound on interest rates and managing a large portfolio of securities. This era came to a jarring end in early 2019, when the Powell Fed sought to appease nervous markets with a sudden pause to its gradual rate-hiking cycle.

 

Now the Fed faces a new challenge in navigating an environment as dynamic as it is delicate. The dot plot has always come with some communication difficulties, but now it is downright counterproductive. Fundamentally, it’s a tool built to convey expectations of the most likely outcome, not a range of scenarios, much less the Fed’s “reaction function” – the way it is likely to respond to novel economic and financial developments as they occur. Fed Chair Powell made this point himself at a conference on June 4, and it was quickly underlined by the recent whiplash around the White House’s threat of new tariffs on Mexico, a weak jobs report, and sharp revisions to retail sales data.

 

So will the June dot plot show a change in policy expectations? Under these conditions, the Fed won’t want to front-run the G-20 meeting later in the month, which could produce news about trade policy. An overly-dovish Fed could find itself having to reverse course yet again when it publishes another set of forecasts in September. Not a good look. Moreover, for the January pivot, the Fed could point to financial market volatility and tightening financial conditions. Now a big change would be based mostly on risk management. Markets have already run far ahead of the Fed – pricing in more than two rate cuts this year, far out of line with the comments from most Fed policy makers – so financial conditions could tighten precipitously if the Fed pushes back too hard. How are they going to thread the needle?

What to Watch For:

  • Rates: No change.
  • Dot plot: A dovish drift in the distribution, leaving the 2019 median unchanged but the 2020 and 2021 medians lower, effectively forecasting no hikes for the next 2.5 years.
  • Statement of Economic Projections:
    • Slightly lower GDP this year and next, in light of recent data and the ratcheting of trade tensions. The latter could also lead to a downgrade of the long-run GDP estimate and longer-run interest rates.
    • A lower unemployment rate at the end of 2019 given the recent decline. A lower long-run unemployment rate is also possible, given how unemployment has continued to decline without an uptick in inflation.
    • Inflation forecasts little changed, with tariffs dismissed as one-time shocks and partially offset by their impact on growth.
  • FOMC statement: Replacing forward guidance about being “patient” with language about the Fed’s sensitivity to downside risks. Perhaps the statement will borrow from Chair Powell’s comments last week that “the Committee will act as appropriate…” Explicitly stating that there are downside risks to growth or inflation is also a possibility, but last week’s Fedspeak suggests that would be a bridge too far at this point. Aside from that, changes will be limited to marking to market the first paragraph, including perhaps acknowledging the downward drift in inflation expectations.
  • Press conference: There will be plenty of questions on the Fed’s reaction function and the dot plot, as well as the inverted yield curve and the political pressure from the White House for rate cuts. Chair Powell will be focused on retaining optionality for the Committee to respond to any downside developments, without boxing them in.

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